Wireless charging system with simultaneous wireless power transfer at different frequencies

ABSTRACT

An electronic device in a wireless power system may be operable with a removable accessory such as a case. The device may have coplanar power transmitting and power receiving coils. The transmitting coil may be positioned within a central opening of the receiving coil. The removable accessory may have an embedded receiving coil configured to receive wireless power from the transmitting coil of the electronic device. The receiving coil of the electronic device may receive wireless power from a power transmitting device such as charging mat. The receiving coil of the electronic device may operate up to a higher maximum power than the transmitting coil of the electronic device. The power transmitting coil and power receiving coil in the electronic device may operate at different power transmission frequencies. To mitigate crosstalk, the power transmitting coil&#39;s operation frequency may be a non-integer multiple of the power receiving coil&#39;s operation frequency.

This application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent applicationNo. 63/041,732 filed Jun. 19, 2020, which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety.

FIELD

This relates generally to power systems, and, more particularly, towireless power systems for charging electronic devices.

BACKGROUND

In a wireless charging system, a wireless power transmitting device suchas a charging mat wirelessly transmits power to a wireless powerreceiving device such as a portable electronic device. The wirelesspower receiving device has a coil and rectifier circuitry. The coilreceives alternating-current wireless power signals from the wirelesscharging mat. The rectifier circuitry converts the received signals intodirect-current power.

SUMMARY

A wireless power system may include one or more wireless powertransmitting devices, one or more wireless power receiving devices, andone or more wireless power transmitting and receiving devices. Thewireless power transmitting device may include a coil and wireless powertransmitting circuitry coupled to the coil. The wireless powertransmitting circuitry may be configured to transmit wireless powersignals with the coil. The wireless power receiving device may include acoil that is configured to receive wireless power signals from thewireless power transmitting device and rectifier circuitry that isconfigured to convert the wireless power signals to direct currentpower. The wireless power transmitting and receiving device may includeat least one coil and both wireless power transmitting circuitry andwireless power receiving circuitry.

A device in a wireless power system may be operable with a removableaccessory such as a case. The device may transmit or receive wirelesspower through the case while the electronic device is coupled to thecase. The device may also transmit wireless power to the case or receivewireless power from the case while the electronic device is coupled tothe case. The case may have a folio shape with a front cover portionthat covers the display of the electronic device.

The device may have a first planar wireless charging coil that haswindings wound about a central region and that operates at a firstfrequency. The device may also include a second planar wireless chargingcoil that has windings positioned in the central region of the firstcoil and that operates at a second frequency that is different than thefirst frequency. The first planar wireless charging coil may receivewireless power signals whereas the second planar wireless charging coilmay transmit wireless power signals. The first planar wireless chargingcoil may be operable at a higher maximum power level than the secondplanar wireless charging coil.

The removable accessory may include a dielectric layer that isinterposed between the electronic device and a wireless powertransmitting device during wireless power transfer operations betweenthe electronic device and the wireless power transmitting device. A coilmay be embedded in the dielectric layer that receives wireless powersignals from the second coil of the electronic device while additionalwireless power signals pass through the dielectric layer from thewireless power transmitting device to the first coil of the electronicdevice. The removable accessory may also include a magnetic core thatrelays flux from the wireless power transmitting device towards thefirst coil of the electronic device. Additionally, the removableaccessory may include a magnetic alignment structure that magneticallycouples to additional magnetic alignment structures in the electronicdevice and/or the wireless power transmitting device to align coilswithin the charging system during operation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative wireless power systemin accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of illustrative wireless power transmittingand receiving circuitry in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 3 is a top view of an illustrative removable case having a frontcover portion in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of the illustrative removable caseof FIG. 3 in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative wirelesscharging system with a portable electronic device and a removableaccessory on the charging surface of a wireless power transmittingdevice in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative wirelesscharging system with a portable electronic device on the chargingsurface of a wireless power transmitting device in accordance with anembodiment.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative wirelesscharging system with a portable electronic device coupled to a removableaccessory in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of an illustrative wirelesscharging system with a portable electronic device and a removableaccessory on the charging surface of a wireless power transmittingdevice in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a top view of an illustrative portable electronic device witha receiving coil having a central opening and a transmitting coil withinthe central opening in accordance with an embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a top view of an illustrative removable accessory having apower receiving assembly, a magnetic core for relaying flux, and amagnetic alignment structure in accordance with an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A wireless power system may include one or more electronic devices thattransmit wireless power, one or more electronic devices that receivewireless power, and one or more electronic devices that both transmitand receive wireless power. The wireless power transmitting device maybe a wireless charging mat or wireless charging puck, as examples. Thewireless power receiving device may be a device such as a wrist watch,cellular telephone, tablet computer, laptop computer, or otherelectronic equipment, as examples. The wireless power transmitting andreceiving device may be an electronic device case (e.g., a case for acellular telephone) or other type of electronic device. The wirelesspower transmitting device may wirelessly transmit power to a wirelesspower receiving device. The wireless power receiving device uses powerfrom the wireless power transmitting device for powering the device andfor charging an internal battery.

Wireless power is transmitted from the wireless power transmittingdevice to the wireless power receiving device using one or more wirelesspower transmitting coils. The wireless power receiving device has one ormore wireless power receiving coils coupled to rectifier circuitry thatconverts received wireless power signals into direct-current power.

An illustrative wireless power system (wireless charging system) isshown in FIG. 1 . As shown in FIG. 1 , wireless power system 8 mayinclude one or more wireless power transmitting devices such as wirelesspower transmitting device 12, one or more wireless power receivingdevices such as wireless power receiving device 24, and one or moreelectronic devices capable of both transmitting and receiving wirelesspower such as wireless power transmitting and receiving device 18. Itshould be understood that one or more of each type of device may bepresent in the wireless power system at any given time, with devicesbeing added and removed from the system in a fluid manner. The functionof power transmitting and receiving 18 may change depending upon thearrangement of the system at a given time. A power transmitting andreceiving device may only transmit power in some scenarios, may onlyreceive power in some scenarios, and may both transmit and receive powerin some scenarios. A power transmitting device 12 may transmit powerdirectly to a power receiving device 24 in some scenarios. In otherscenarios, power transmitting device 12 may transmit power to a powertransmitting and receiving device 18, which then transmits the power topower receiving device 24. The functionality of each device andinductive coupling between each device within the system may be updatedas devices are added to and removed from the system.

Wireless power transmitting device 12 includes control circuitry 16.Wireless power receiving device 24 includes control circuitry 30.Wireless power transmitting and receiving device 18 includes controlcircuitry 78. Control circuitry in system 8 such as control circuitry16, control circuitry 30, and control circuitry 78 is used incontrolling the operation of system 8. This control circuitry mayinclude processing circuitry associated with microprocessors, powermanagement units, baseband processors, digital signal processors,microcontrollers, and/or application-specific integrated circuits withprocessing circuits. The processing circuitry implements desired controland communications features in devices 12, 18, and 24. For example, theprocessing circuitry may be used in selecting coils, determining powertransmission levels, processing sensor data and other data to detectforeign objects and perform other tasks, processing user input, handlingnegotiations between devices 12, 18, and 24, sending and receivingin-band and out-of-band data, making measurements, and otherwisecontrolling the operation of system 8.

Control circuitry in system 8 may be configured to perform operations insystem 8 using hardware (e.g., dedicated hardware or circuitry),firmware and/or software. Software code for performing operations insystem 8 is stored on non-transitory computer readable storage media(e.g., tangible computer readable storage media) in control circuitry 8.The software code may sometimes be referred to as software, data,program instructions, instructions, or code. The non-transitory computerreadable storage media may include non-volatile memory such asnon-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM), one or more hard drives(e.g., magnetic drives or solid state drives), one or more removableflash drives or other removable media, or the like. Software stored onthe non-transitory computer readable storage media may be executed onthe processing circuitry of control circuitry 16, 30, and/or 78. Theprocessing circuitry may include application-specific integratedcircuits with processing circuitry, one or more microprocessors, acentral processing unit (CPU) or other processing circuitry.

Power transmitting device 12 may be a stand-alone power adapter (e.g., awireless charging mat or charging puck that includes power adaptercircuitry), may be a wireless charging mat or puck that is coupled to apower adapter or other equipment by a cable, may be a portable device,may be equipment that has been incorporated into furniture, a vehicle,or other system, may be a removable battery case, or may be otherwireless power transfer equipment. Illustrative configurations in whichwireless power transmitting device 12 is a wireless charging mat or puckare sometimes described herein as an example.

Power receiving device 24 may be a portable electronic device such as awrist watch, a cellular telephone, a laptop computer, a tablet computer,an accessory such as an earbud, or other electronic equipment. Powertransmitting device 12 may be coupled to a wall outlet (e.g., analternating current power source), may have a battery for supplyingpower, and/or may have another source of power. Power transmittingdevice 12 may have an alternating-current (AC) to direct-current (DC)power converter such as AC-DC power converter 14 for converting AC powerfrom a wall outlet or other power source into DC power. DC power may beused to power control circuitry 16. During operation, a controller incontrol circuitry 16 uses power transmitting circuitry 52 to transmitwireless power to power receiving circuitry 54 of device 24. Forsimplicity, an example is described herein of power transmitting device12 transmitting wireless power to power receiving device 24. However, itshould be understood that a power transmitting and receiving device 18may substitute for one or both of the power transmitting device and thepower receiving device during wireless power transfer operations.

Power transmitting circuitry 52 may have switching circuitry (e.g.,inverter circuitry 61 formed from transistors) that is turned on and offbased on control signals provided by control circuitry 16 to create ACcurrent signals through one or more wireless power transmitting coilssuch as wireless power transmitting coil(s) 36. These coil drive signalscause coil(s) 36 to transmit wireless power. Coils 36 may be arranged ina planar coil array or may be arranged to form a cluster of coils. Insome arrangements, device 12 (e.g., a charging mat, puck, etc.) may haveonly a single coil. In other arrangements, a wireless charging devicemay have multiple coils (e.g., two or more coils, 5-10 coils, at least10 coils, 10-30 coils, fewer than 35 coils, fewer than 25 coils, orother suitable number of coils).

As the AC currents pass through one or more coils 36,alternating-current electromagnetic (e.g., magnetic) fields (wirelesspower signals 44) are produced that are received by one or morecorresponding receiver coils such as coil(s) 48 in power receivingdevice 24. In other words, one or more of coils 36 is inductivelycoupled to one or more of coils 48. Device 24 may have a single coil 48,at least two coils 48, at least three coils 48, at least four coils 48,or other suitable number of coils 48.

When the alternating-current electromagnetic fields (sometimes referredto as magnetic flux) are received by coil(s) 48 (e.g., when magneticflux passes through coils 48), corresponding alternating-currentcurrents are induced in coil(s) 48. The AC signals that are used intransmitting wireless power may have any suitable frequency (e.g.,100-250 kHz, etc.). Rectifier circuitry such as rectifier circuitry 50,which contains rectifying components such as synchronous rectificationmetal-oxide-semiconductor transistors arranged in a bridge network,converts received AC signals (received alternating-current signalsassociated with electromagnetic signals 44) from one or more coils 48into DC voltage signals for powering device 24.

The DC voltage produced by rectifier circuitry 50 (sometime referred toas rectifier output voltage Vrect) can be used in charging a batterysuch as battery 58 and can be used in powering other components indevice 24. For example, device 24 may include input-output devices 56.Input-output devices 56 may include input devices for gathering userinput and/or making environmental measurements and may include outputdevices for providing a user with output. As an example, input-outputdevices 56 may include a display for creating visual output, a speakerfor presenting output as audio signals, light-emitting diode statusindicator lights and other light-emitting components for emitting lightthat provides a user with status information and/or other information,haptic devices for generating vibrations and other haptic output, and/orother output devices. Input-output devices 56 may also include sensorsfor gathering input from a user and/or for making measurements of thesurroundings of system 8. Illustrative sensors that may be included ininput-output devices 56 include three-dimensional sensors (e.g.,three-dimensional image sensors such as structured light sensors thatemit beams of light and that use two-dimensional digital image sensorsto gather image data for three-dimensional images from light spots thatare produced when a target is illuminated by the beams of light,binocular three-dimensional image sensors that gather three-dimensionalimages using two or more cameras in a binocular imaging arrangement,three-dimensional lidar (light detection and ranging) sensors,three-dimensional radio-frequency sensors, or other sensors that gatherthree-dimensional image data), cameras (e.g., infrared and/or visiblecameras with respective infrared and/or visible digital image sensorsand/or ultraviolet light cameras), gaze tracking sensors (e.g., a gazetracking system based on an image sensor and, if desired, a light sourcethat emits one or more beams of light that are tracked using the imagesensor after reflecting from a user's eyes), touch sensors, buttons,capacitive proximity sensors, light-based (optical) proximity sensorssuch as infrared proximity sensors, other proximity sensors, forcesensors, sensors such as contact sensors based on switches, gas sensors,pressure sensors, moisture sensors, magnetic sensors, audio sensors(microphones), ambient light sensors, optical sensors for makingspectral measurements and other measurements on target objects (e.g., byemitting light and measuring reflected light), microphones for gatheringvoice commands and other audio input, distance sensors, motion,position, and/or orientation sensors that are configured to gatherinformation on motion, position, and/or orientation (e.g.,accelerometers, gyroscopes, compasses, and/or inertial measurement unitsthat include all of these sensors or a subset of one or two of thesesensors), sensors such as buttons that detect button press input,joysticks with sensors that detect joystick movement, keyboards, and/orother sensors. Device 12 may optionally have one or more input-outputdevices 70 (e.g., input devices and/or output devices of the typedescribed in connection with input-output devices 56). Device 18 mayoptionally have one or more input-output devices 92 (e.g., input devicesand/or output devices of the type described in connection withinput-output devices 56).

Device 12, device 18, and/or device 24 may communicate wirelessly usingin-band or out-of-band communications. Device 12 may, for example, havewireless transceiver circuitry 40 that wirelessly transmits out-of-bandsignals (e.g., to device 18 or device 24) using an antenna. Wirelesstransceiver circuitry 40 may be used to wirelessly receive out-of-bandsignals from device 18 or 24 using the antenna. Device 24 may havewireless transceiver circuitry 46 that transmits out-of-band signals.Receiver circuitry in wireless transceiver 46 may use an antenna toreceive out-of-band signals. Device 18 may have wireless transceivercircuitry 80 that transmits out-of-band signals. Receiver circuitry inwireless transceiver 80 may use an antenna to receive out-of-bandsignals. Wireless transceiver circuitry 40, 46, and 80 may also be usedfor in-band transmissions between devices 12, 24, and 18 using coils 36,48, and 90.

Frequency-shift keying (FSK) and/or amplitude-shift keying (ASK) may beused to convey in-band data between devices 12, 18, and 24. Power may beconveyed wirelessly during these FSK and ASK transmissions.

It is desirable for power transmitting device 12, power transmitting andreceiving device 18, and power receiving device 24 to be able tocommunicate information such as received power, battery states ofcharge, and so forth, to control wireless power transfer. However, thisprocess need not involve the transmission of personally identifiableinformation. Out of an abundance of caution, it is noted that to theextent that any implementation of this charging technology involves theuse of personally identifiable information, implementers should followprivacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meetingor exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining theprivacy of users. In particular, personally identifiable informationdata should be managed and handled so as to minimize risks ofunintentional or unauthorized access or use, and the nature ofauthorized use should be clearly indicated to users.

Control circuitry 16 has external object measurement circuitry 41 thatmay be used to detect external objects on the charging surface of thehousing of device 12 (e.g., on the top of a charging mat or, if desired,to detect objects adjacent to the coupling surface of a charging puck).The charging surface may be formed by a planer outer surface of theupper housing wall of device 12 or may have other shapes (e.g., concaveor convex shapes, etc.). In arrangements in which device 12 forms acharging puck, the charging puck may have a surface shape that mateswith the shape of device 24. A puck or other device 12 may, if desired,have magnets (sometimes referred to as magnetic alignment structures)that removably attach device 12 to device 24, in the process aligningcoil 48 with coil 36 for efficient wireless charging.

Circuitry 41 can detect foreign objects such as coils, paper clips, andother metallic objects and can detect the presence of wireless powerreceiving devices 24 (e.g., circuitry 41 can detect the presence of oneor more coils 48 and/or magnetic core material associated with coils48). During object detection and characterization operations, externalobject (foreign object) measurement circuitry 41 can be used to makemeasurements on coil(s) 36 such as Q-factor measurements, resonantfrequency measurements, and/or inductance measurements that can indicatewhether coil 48 is present and/or whether foreign objects such as coinsor paperclips are present. Measurement circuitry can also be used tomake sensor measurements using a capacitive sensor, can be used to maketemperature measurements, and/or can otherwise be used in gatheringinformation indicative of whether a foreign object or other externalobject (e.g., device 18 or 24) is present on device 12.

In some configurations, the control circuitry of device 12 (e.g.,circuitry 41 and/or other control circuitry 16) can implement a powercounting foreign object detection scheme. With this approach, device 12receives information from device 24 (e.g., via in-band communications)indicating the amount of power that device 24 is wirelessly receiving(e.g., 4.5 W). Device 12 knows how much power (e.g., 5.0 W) is beingtransmitted (e.g., because device 12 knows the magnitude of the signalbeing used to drive coil 36 from inverter 61). By comparing thetransmitted power (e.g., 5.0 W) to the received power (e.g., 4.5 W),device 12 can determine whether wireless power is being dissipated dueto eddy currents flowing in a foreign object. If the dissipated power(e.g., 0.5 W in this example) is more than a predetermined thresholdamount or if the efficiency of the wireless power transfer process islower than expected, device 12 can conclude that a foreign object ispresent. Power counting techniques such as these may be used inconjunction with capacitive sensing foreign object detection techniquesand/or other external object measurement operations performed usingcircuitry 41.

In some embodiments, measurement circuitry 41 of control circuitry 16contains signal generator circuitry (e.g., oscillator circuitry forgenerating AC probe signals at one or more probe frequencies, a pulsegenerator that can create impulses so that impulse responses can bemeasured) and/or uses the transmission of wireless power signals fromdevice 12 to energize the coils in system 8. Circuitry 41 may alsoinclude circuits (e.g., analog-to-digital converter circuits, filters,analog combiners, digital processing circuitry, etc.) to measure theresponse of system 8.

Power transmitting and receiving device 18 may be a wireless chargingmat or puck that is coupled to a power adapter or other equipment by acable, may be equipment that has been incorporated into furniture, avehicle, or other system, may be a removable battery case, may be aportable electronic device such as a wrist watch, a cellular telephone,a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an accessory such as an earbud, orother electronic equipment. Power transmitting and receiving device 18is capable of both transmitting and receiving wireless power. Powertransmitting and receiving device 18 therefore may include powertransmitting components, similar to power transmitting device 12. Powertransmitting and receiving device 18 may also include power receivingcomponents, similar to power receiving device 24.

Power transmitting and receiving device 18 may have analternating-current (AC) to direct-current (DC) power converter such asAC-DC power converter 96 for converting AC power from a wall outlet orother power source into DC power. DC power may be used to power controlcircuitry 78. Control circuitry 78 includes wireless transceivercircuitry 80 for in-band communications (using coils 90) and out-of-bandcommunications (using an antenna). Control circuitry 78 may alsooptionally include measurement circuitry 82 (e.g., measurement circuitryof the type described in connection with measurement circuitry 41).

Wireless power circuitry 84 in device 18 may include both an inverter 86and a rectifier 88. Inverter circuitry 86 (e.g., formed fromtransistors) may be turned on and off based on control signals providedby control circuitry 78 to create AC current signals through one or morecoils such as coil(s) 90. These coil drive signals cause coil(s) 90 totransmit wireless power. Coils 90 may be arranged in a planar coil arrayor may be arranged to form a cluster of coils. In some arrangements,device 18 may have only a single coil. In other arrangements, device 18may have multiple coils (e.g., two or more coils, 5-10 coils, at least10 coils, 10-30 coils, fewer than 35 coils, fewer than 25 coils, orother suitable number of coils).

As the AC currents pass through one or more coils 90,alternating-current electromagnetic (e.g., magnetic) fields (wirelesspower signals 44) are produced that are received by one or morecorresponding receiver coils such as coil(s) 48 in power receivingdevice 24. In other words, one or more of coils 90 may be inductivelycoupled to one or more of coils 48.

Power transmitting and receiving device 18 may also receive wirelesspower (e.g., from power transmitting device 12). Coil(s) 90 may receivealternating-current electromagnetic fields from transmitting coils 36,resulting in corresponding alternating-current currents in coil(s) 90.Rectifier circuitry such as rectifier circuitry 88, which containsrectifying components such as synchronous rectificationmetal-oxide-semiconductor transistors arranged in a bridge network,converts received AC signals (received alternating-current signalsassociated with electromagnetic signals 44) from one or more coils 90into DC voltage signals for powering device 18. The DC voltage producedby rectifier circuitry 88 can be used in charging a battery such asbattery 94 and can be used in powering other components in device 18.

The depiction of alternating-electromagnetic fields between each type ofdevice in FIG. 1 is merely illustrative (to show the type of inductivecoupling that is possible). In practice, alternating-electromagneticfields will only be conveyed between select devices within the system.For example, transmitting device 12 may transmit power to device 24 anddevice 18 (while device 18 does not separately transmit power to device18). In another example, transmitting device 12 transmits power todevice 18, which transmits power to 24 (without direct exchange of powerfrom device 12 to device 24).

In some applications, power transmitting and receiving device 18 onlytransmits wireless power (e.g., using inverter 86 and coil(s) 90). Insome applications, power transmitting and receiving device 18 onlyreceives wireless power (e.g., using rectifier 88 and coil(s) 90). Insome applications, power transmitting and receiving devicesimultaneously receives and transmits wireless power. Whensimultaneously receiving and transmitting wireless power, device 18 mayoptionally perform both the power transmitting and power receivingoperations associated with inverter 86 and rectifier 88 (e.g., device 18uses the rectifier to charge the battery and operate the device andindependently uses the inverter to transmit a desired amount of power).Alternatively, device 18 may relay received power signals withoutrectifying the power. Device 18 may include only one coil that is usedfor both wireless power transmission and wireless power reception.Alternatively, device 18 may have at least one dedicated wireless powertransmitting coil and at least one dedicated wireless power receivingcoil. Device 18 may have multiple coils that are all capable of bothwireless power transmission and wireless power reception. Differentcoils in device 18 may optionally be shorted together in different modesof operation.

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of illustrative wireless charging circuitryfor system 8. Wireless charging circuitry of a power transmitting device12 and a power receiving device 24 is shown. However, it should beunderstood that device 18 may have the corresponding components for bothpower transmission and power reception and may be used in place ofeither device 12 and/or device 24 if desired. As shown in FIG. 2 ,circuitry 52 may include inverter circuitry such as one or moreinverters 61 or other drive circuitry that produces wireless powersignals that are transmitted through an output circuit that includes oneor more coils 36 and capacitors such as capacitor 71. In someembodiments, device 12 may include multiple individually controlledinverters 61, each of which supplies drive signals to a respective coil36. In other embodiments, an inverter 61 is shared between multiplecoils 36 using switching circuitry.

During operation, control signals for inverter(s) 61 are provided bycontrol circuitry 16 at control input 74. A single inverter 61 andsingle coil 36 is shown in the example of FIG. 2 , but multipleinverters 61 and multiple coils 36 may be used, if desired. In amultiple coil configuration, switching circuitry (e.g., multiplexercircuitry) can be used to couple a single inverter 61 to multiple coils36 and/or each coil 36 may be coupled to a respective inverter 61.During wireless power transmission operations, transistors in one ormore selected inverters 61 are driven by AC control signals from controlcircuitry 16. The relative phase between the inverters can be adjusteddynamically. For example, a pair of inverters 61 may produce outputsignals in phase or out of phase (e.g., 180 degrees out of phase).

The application of drive signals using inverter(s) 61 (e.g., transistorsor other switches in circuitry 52) causes the output circuits formedfrom selected coils 36 and capacitors 71 to produce alternating-currentelectromagnetic fields (signals 44) that are received by wireless powerreceiving circuitry 54 using a wireless power receiving circuit formedfrom one or more coils 48 and one or more capacitors 72 in device 24.

If desired, the relative phase between driven coils 36 (e.g., the phaseof one of coils 36 that is being driven relative to another adjacent oneof coils 36 that is being driven) may be adjusted by control circuitry16 to help enhance wireless power transfer between device 12 and device24. Rectifier circuitry 50 is coupled to one or more coils 48 andconverts received power from AC to DC and supplies a correspondingdirect current output voltage Vrect across rectifier output terminals 76for powering load circuitry in device 24 (e.g., for charging battery 58,for powering a display and/or other input-output devices 56, and/or forpowering other components). A single coil 48 or multiple coils 48 may beincluded in device 24.

As previously mentioned, in-band transmissions using coils 36 and 48 maybe used to convey (e.g., transmit and receive) information betweendevices 12 and 24. With one illustrative configuration, frequency-shiftkeying (FSK) is used to transmit in-band data from device 12 to device24 and amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is used to transmit in-band datafrom device 24 to device 12. In other words, a device transmittingwireless power may use FSK to transmit in-band data to a devicereceiving wireless power (regardless of whether either device is adedicated power transmitting/receiving device 12/24 or a power receivingand transmitting device 18). A device receiving wireless power may useASK to transmit in-band data to a device transmitting wireless power(regardless of whether either device is a dedicated powertransmitting/receiving device 12/24 or a power receiving andtransmitting device 18).

Power may be conveyed wirelessly from device 12 to device 24 duringthese FSK and ASK transmissions. While power transmitting circuitry 52is driving AC signals into one or more of coils 36 to produce signals 44at the power transmission frequency, wireless transceiver circuitry 40may use FSK modulation to modulate the power transmission frequency ofthe driving AC signals and thereby modulate the frequency of signals 44.In device 24, coil 48 is used to receive signals 44. Power receivingcircuitry 54 uses the received signals on coil 48 and rectifier 50 toproduce DC power. At the same time, wireless transceiver circuitry 46monitors the frequency of the AC signal passing through coil(s) 48 anduses FSK demodulation to extract the transmitted in-band data fromsignals 44. This approach allows FSK data (e.g., FSK data packets) to betransmitted in-band from device 12 to device 24 with coils 36 and 48while power is simultaneously being wirelessly conveyed from device 12to device 24 using coils 36 and 48.

In-band communications between device 24 and device 12 may use ASKmodulation and demodulation techniques. Wireless transceiver circuitry46 transmits in-band data to device 12 by using a switch (e.g., one ormore transistors in transceiver 46 that are coupled coil 48) to modulatethe impedance of power receiving circuitry 54 (e.g., coil 48). This, inturn, modulates the amplitude of signal 44 and the amplitude of the ACsignal passing through coil(s) 36. Wireless transceiver circuitry 40monitors the amplitude of the AC signal passing through coil(s) 36 and,using ASK demodulation, extracts the transmitted in-band data from thesesignals that was transmitted by wireless transceiver circuitry 46. Theuse of ASK communications allows ASK data bits (e.g., ASK data packets)to be transmitted in-band from device 24 to device 12 with coils 48 and36 while power is simultaneously being wirelessly conveyed from device12 to device 24 using coils 36 and 48.

The example of FSK modulation being used to convey in-band data frompower transmitting device 12 to power receiving device 24 and ASKmodulation being used to convey in-band data from power receiving device24 to power transmitting device 12 is merely illustrative. In general,any desired communication techniques may be used to convey informationfrom power transmitting device 12 to power receiving device 24 and frompower receiving device 24 to power transmitting device 12.

The power transmission frequency used for transmission of wireless powermay be, for example, a predetermined frequency of about 125 kHz, atleast 80 kHz, at least 100 kHz, between 100 kHz and 205 kHz, less than500 kHz, less than 300 kHz, or other suitable wireless power frequency.In some configurations, the power transmission frequency may benegotiated in communications between devices 12 and 24. In otherconfigurations, the power transmission frequency may be fixed.

It has been described that power may be simultaneously conveyed betweendevices while using in-band communication for data transmission betweenthe devices. In other words, in some examples in-band communications mayrely on modulation of the power transmission signal (e.g., modulatingthe power transmission frequency or modulating amplitude of a signal atthe power transmission frequency). However, other communicationtechniques may be used that do not rely on modulation of the powertransmission signals. For example, signals (sometimes referred to asin-band signals) may be conveyed between coils in the system at afrequency that is different than the power transmission frequency.Signals (at the same frequency or a different frequency than the powertransmission frequency) that are conveyed using the coils (e.g., coils36, 48, and 90) may be considered in-band signals.

Moreover, it should be noted that in-band communication may occurbetween devices before the devices agree upon a power transfer rate,power transmission frequency, etc. After initial detection and inductivecoupling, devices may go through a handshake process to determinecompatibility, negotiate power transfer frequency, negotiate powertransfer rate, etc. During this process, in-band communication mayinvolve FSK and/or ASK modulation of signals transmitted using thecoils. Therefore, wireless power is transmitted during this process.This is advantageous as it allows the devices to complete the handshakeprocess even if the power receiving device has little or no remainingbattery power. This transmission of wireless power during in-bandcommunications may occur during the handshake process even if,ultimately, the negotiations between the devices result in no sustainedtransmission of wireless power.

A device in wireless charging system 8 may optionally be coupled to aremovable accessory such as a case. The case may optionally havewireless charging functionality (e.g., the case may be capable ofreceiving and/or transmitting wireless power). FIG. 3 is a top view ofan accessory such as a removable cover.

Removable accessory 102 (sometimes referred to as a removable case orremovable cover) may have any suitable shape that allows cover 102 tomate with another device. Accessory 102 and the device to which it iscoupled may each serve as a power transmitting device, a power receivingdevice, or a power transmitting and receiving device. The device held byaccessory 102 may be a portable electronic device such as a wrist watch,a cellular telephone, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an accessorysuch as an earbud, or other electronic equipment.

In the example of FIG. 3 , cover 102 has a folio shape (sometimesreferred to as a folio cover) with a rear portion 102R and front portion102F. Rear portion 102R may have a rectangular recess with a rear wallsurrounded by peripheral sidewalls 102W and/or other suitable couplingstructures (straps, clips, a sleeve, corner pockets, etc.) that allowcover 102 to receive and couple to the additional device.

The portion of cover 102 that extends along fold axis 122 between rearportion 102R and front portion 102F may have hinge structures (e.g.,flexible cover material that serves as a hinge or other hinge structuresthat couple portions 102F and 102R while allowing these portions torotate relative to each other). In some configurations, additionalbendable portions may be provided. For example, front portion 102F mayhave one or more flexible strips. Each flexible strip allows additionalfolds to be formed in cover 102 (e.g., to manipulate the cover into oneor more stand configurations and prop the additional device at a desiredangle while cover 102 is coupled to the additional device). Eachflexible strip may extend parallel to fold axis 122 from one side of thefront portion 102F to another side of front portion 102F.

When it is desired to protect the additional device in cover 102, thedevice (e.g., a housing of the device) may be press fit into a recessformed by the sidewalls 102W and/or rear wall of cover 102, coupled tocover 102 using magnets, clips, or straps, or otherwise coupled to cover102. Cover 102 may be formed from fabric, leather, polymer, othermaterials, and/or combinations of these materials.

As previously mentioned, cover 102 may in some embodiments include acoil that transmits and/or receives wireless power. For example, cover102 may be a wireless power receiving device (e.g., device 24 in FIG. 1) with a receiving coil 48 in region 178 on a rear portion 102R of thecover. The receiving coil 48 in region 178 may be aligned with atransmitting coil in the device coupled to accessory 102. When accessory102 is coupled to the additional device, the additional device maytransmit wireless power to the receiving coil in region 178 of cover102.

Incorporating a wireless power receiving coil in the cover may allow forthe cover to charge an internal battery, power components within thecover (e.g. input-output components such as a keyboard), and/or providewireless power to additional accessories. For example, cover 102 may beconfigured to charge an electronic stylus (e.g., that may be used toprovide input on a display in the additional device). In this type ofarrangement, cover 102 may be a power transmitting and receiving device(e.g., device 18 in FIG. 1 ). Cover 102 may include a wireless powerreceiving coil in region 178 and a separate wireless power transmittingcoil. The separate wireless power transmitting coil may optionally bepositioned in a different portion of the cover than region 178 (e.g., ina region along fold axis 122, in one of sidewalls 102W, or anotherdesired location within the cover).

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view showing device 100 held inremovable cover 102. Device 100 may have a housing 164. Housing 164 maybe formed of plastic, glass, ceramics, fiber composites, metal (e.g.,stainless steel, aluminum, etc.), other suitable materials, or acombination of any two or more of these materials. In one illustrativeexample, device 100 is a power transmitting and receiving device (e.g.,device 18 in FIG. 1 ). Device 102 may be a power receiving device (e.g.,device 24 in FIG. 1 ) that receives wireless power from device 100.Alternatively, device 102 may also be a power transmitting and receivingdevice that receives wireless power from device 100 and transmitswireless power to an additional accessory device such as a stylus. Inyet another possible configuration, device 102 may be capable oftransmitting wireless power to device 100.

In FIG. 4 , the front portion 102F of cover 102 is folded over andcovers the front face of device 100. Accordingly, front portion 102F ofcover 102 covers a display in device 100. This may protect the displayfrom damage. As previously mentioned, cover 102 may include a wirelesspower receiving coil in rear portion 102R that is configured to receivewireless power from device 100. In other arrangements, device 100 mayneed to transmit and/or receive wireless charging signals through cover102. For example, device 100 may be coupled to cover 102 and placed on awireless charging mat. The wireless charging mat may transfer wirelesspower signals to the device 100 through cover 102. In this type ofsituation, it is desirable for the cover to not interfere with thewireless power transfer operations through the cover.

The example in FIGS. 3 and 4 of removable case 102 being a removablecover having a cover portion (102F) configured to fold over and coverthe display of device 100 is merely illustrative. In some arrangements,the front cover portion 102F may be omitted from the removable case.

As an example, the removable case may include only a rear portion (e.g.,configured to cover a rear housing wall of device 100, sometimesreferred to as rear wall) and sidewalls (e.g., four peripheral sidewallsthat extend from the rear wall). The sidewalls (e.g., sidewalls 102W inFIG. 3 ) may extend perpendicular to the rear portion of the removablecase. The sidewalls may form a recess that is configured to receive andsecure device 100 within the removable case. When it is desired toprotect device 100 in the removable case, device 100 (e.g., housing 164of device 100) may be press fit into a recess formed by the sidewalls ofthe removable case, coupled to the removable case using magnets, clips,or straps, or otherwise coupled to the removable case. The removablecase (that does not include a front cover portion) may be formed fromfabric, leather, polymer, metal other materials, and/or combinations ofthese materials.

In general, wireless power signals may be conveyed to or from variousportions of case 102. Wireless power signals may also be conveyedthrough case 102 at any desired locations. In one example, case 102 maybe a power transmitting and receiving device that includes a powerreceiving coil in a rear wall. Case 102 may also include a powertransmitting coil in another desired region (e.g., a peripheralsidewall). This example is merely illustrative, and other arrangementsfor conveying wireless power to, from, or through case 102 may be usedif desired.

The wireless power circuitry in each device in the wireless chargingsystem may be designed to accommodate a number of different chargingscenarios. In one scenario, shown in FIG. 4 , an electronic device suchas a tablet computer or cellular telephone (e.g., device 100) is coupledto a removable accessory. The electronic device may transmit wirelesspower to the removable accessory in this scenario (e.g., so that theremovable accessory can in turn provide power to a stylus, powerinternal components, etc.).

In another scenario, device 100 may be placed on a power transmittingdevice (without the removable accessory being present). In yet anotherscenario, shown in FIG. 5 , device 100 may be both coupled to removableaccessory 102 and placed on a power transmitting device. In thisscenario, power transmitting device 104 may transmit wireless power todevice 100 through accessory 102. At the same time, device 100 maytransmit wireless power to accessory 102.

Similar to as discussed in connection with FIG. 1 , the powertransmitting device 104 may be a wireless charging mat, wirelesscharging puck, a battery case (e.g., a dedicated wireless powertransmitting device), or another electronic device (e.g., a wirelesspower transmitting and receiving device). An example is described hereinwhere the power transmitting device 104 is a wireless charging mat. Thewireless charging mat 104 may be coupled to a wall outlet (e.g., analternating current power source). Using power from this power source,the wireless charging mat 104 may transmit wireless power to one or moredevices.

FIGS. 6-8 are cross-sectional side views showing the wireless chargingsystem in some of these scenarios. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional side viewof a portable electronic device 100 (e.g., a wrist watch, a cellulartelephone, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, an accessory such as anearbud, or other electronic equipment) on the surface of a wirelesscharging mat 104. Device 100 may be a wireless power transmitting andreceiving device (e.g., device 18 in FIG. 1 ) whereas device 104 is awireless power transmitting device (e.g., device 12 in FIG. 1 ).

As shown, a power transmitting assembly 202 (e.g., part of powertransmitting circuitry 52) is included within wireless powertransmitting device 104. The power transmitting assembly (sometimesreferred to as an inductive power transmitting assembly) includes amagnetic core 203 having a base 204 and a limb 206. A coil 212 ispositioned on the magnetic core. Limb 206 may have a ring-shape that isconcentric with coil 212, as one example. The coil 212 may be positionedwithin an opening defined by ring-shaped limb 206. Coil 212 may becoupled to inverter circuitry (e.g., inverter 61 in FIG. 1 ). Theinverter circuitry can drive the coil 212 to generate magnetic flux.Coil 212 may be wound from a single-strand conductor, a multiple strandconductor having multiple wires connected in parallel, braided wire,Litz wire, a conductive ink or conductive trace such as multilayertracks on a printed circuit board, or other conductive elements suitablefor forming coils.

A power receiving assembly 222 is included within device 100. Aspreviously mentioned, device 100 may be a power transmitting andreceiving device 18 as in FIG. 1 (and power receiving assembly 222 maybe part of wireless power circuitry 84 in FIG. 1 ). The power receivingassembly (sometimes referred to as an inductive power receivingassembly) includes a magnetic core 224. A coil 226 is formed on themagnetic core. Coil 226 may be coupled to rectifier circuitry (e.g.,rectifier 88 in FIG. 1 ). The rectifier circuitry converts received ACsignals from coil 226 into DC voltage signals for powering device 100.Coil 226 may be wound from a single-strand conductor, a multiple strandconductor having multiple wires connected in parallel, braided wire,Litz wire, a conductive ink or conductive trace such as multilayertracks on a printed circuit board, or other conductive elements suitablefor forming coils.

Alignment structures such as magnetic alignment structures 214 and 254may optionally be included in the system. As shown in FIG. 6 , wirelesspower transmitting device 104 may have magnetic alignment structures214. Wireless power transmitting and receiving device 100 may havemagnetic alignment structures 254. Each magnetic alignment structure 214in the transmitting device may magnetically couple with a correspondingmagnetic alignment structure 254 in the receiving device. When thealignment structures 214 in device 104 are coupled to the alignmentstructures 254 in device 100, the transmitting coil 212 may be alignedwith the receiving coil 226. Therefore, the magnetic alignmentstructures ensure proper alignment of the receiving coil relative to thetransmitting coil. Magnetic alignment structures 214 and 254 may bepermanent magnets (e.g., formed from hard magnetic materials that retaintheir magnetism over time).

Device 100 may also include a power transmitting assembly 242. The powertransmitting assembly (sometimes referred to as an inductive powertransmitting assembly) includes a magnetic core 243 having a base 244and a limb 245. A coil 246 is positioned on the magnetic core 243. Limb245 may have a ring-shape that is concentric with coil 246, as oneexample. The coil 246 may be positioned within an opening defined byring-shaped limb 245.

Coil 246 may be coupled to inverter circuitry (e.g., inverter 86 in FIG.1 ). The inverter circuitry can drive the coil 246 to generate magneticflux. Coils 246 and 226 may be positioned in parallel planes (and mayoptionally be coplanar). Magnetic cores 243 and 224 may be positioned inparallel planes (and may optionally be coplanar). As shown in FIG. 6 ,magnetic core 224 may have a recess that receives magnetic core 243.Coil 246 may be wound from a single-strand conductor, a multiple strandconductor having multiple wires connected in parallel, braided wire,Litz wire, a conductive ink or conductive trace such as multilayertracks on a printed circuit board, or other conductive elements suitablefor forming coils.

When device 100 is placed on charging mat 104 in the absence ofremovable accessory 102, receiving assembly 222 may be enabled andtransmitting assembly 242 may be disabled (e.g., wireless power is nottransmitted using coil 246 and device 100 only receives wireless powerusing coil 226). When device 100 is coupled to removable accessory 102in the absence of charging mat 104, receiving assembly 222 may bedisabled and transmitting assembly 242 may be enabled (e.g., wirelesspower is only transmitted). Transmitting assembly 242 may transmitwireless power to the accessory in the absence of or in the presence ofcharging mat 104. In other words, transmitting assembly 242 may transmitpower while receiving assembly 222 simultaneously receives power whenthe device 100 and removable accessory 102 are placed on charging mat104. When coupled to both removable accessory 102 and charging mat 104,device 100 may optionally only transmit power, only receive power, orboth transmit and receive power.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional side view of a portable electronic device100 coupled to removable accessory 102. Accessory 102 may include apower receiving assembly 270 that includes a coil 274 for receivingwireless power from device 100 and a magnetic core 271. Magnetic core271 has a base 272 and a limb 273. Coil 274 is positioned on the base ofthe magnetic core. Magnetic core 271 may direct received magnetic fluxto coil 274. Limb 273 may have a ring-shape that is concentric with coil274, as one example. The coil 274 may be positioned within an openingdefined by ring-shaped limb 273. Coil 274 may be wound from asingle-strand conductor, a multiple strand conductor having multiplewires connected in parallel, braided wire, Litz wire, a conductive inkor conductive trace such as multilayer tracks on a printed circuitboard, or other conductive elements suitable for forming coils.

Accessory 102 may also optionally include a magnetic core 256 that isused to relay magnetic flux between coil 212 in device 104 and coil 226in device 100, as will be discussed in greater detail in connection withFIG. 8 . Similarly, the accessory 102 may include magnetic alignmentstructures 264 that are used to align the accessory relative to device100 and/or charging mat 104, as will be discussed in greater detail inconnection with FIG. 10 .

The accessory 102 may include a dielectric material 266 (e.g., a bulkdielectric material) such as fabric, leather, polymer (e.g.,polyurethane), other materials, and/or combinations of these materials.Core 271, coil 274, core 256, and magnetic alignment structures 264 maybe embedded in dielectric material 266 such that the components areentirely surrounded by and in direct contact with dielectric material266. This example is merely illustrative. In an alternate arrangement,the components may be laterally surrounded by dielectric material 266and may have one or more exposed surfaces on the upper/lower surfaces ofcase 102.

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of a wireless charging system withaccessory 102 coupled to device 100 and both device 100 and accessory102 placed on the surface of transmitting device 104. In FIG. 8 , whenaccessory 102 is interposed between device 104 and device 100, device104 may transfer wireless power through cover 102 to device 100. Similarto as when cover 102 is not present, coils 226 and 212 are inductivelycoupled. Magnetic core 224 in device 100 redirects received magneticflux to coil 226. Simultaneously, while device 104 transfers wirelesspower through cover 102 to device 100, device 100 transfers wirelesspower to cover 102. Similar to as when mat 104 is not present, coils 246and 274 are inductively coupled. Magnetic core 271 redirects receivedmagnetic flux to coil 274.

In order to allow simultaneous wireless power transfer from coil 212 tocoil 226 and from coil 246 to coil 274, the two sets of coils mayoperate at different frequencies. In general, each wireless powertransfer operation may be performed at any desired frequency. In oneexample the power transmission frequency between coils 212 and 226 maybe about 125 kHz (e.g., 125 kHz±5%), about 360 kHz (e.g., 360 kHz±5%),at least 80 kHz, at least 100 kHz, between 100 kHz and 205 kHz, between100 kHz and 400 kHz, between 100 kHz and 2 MHz, between 1.5 MHz and 2MHz, less than 500 kHz, less than 300 kHz, less than 100 kHz, greaterthan 500 kHz, greater than 1 MHz, greater than 2 MHz, greater than 10MHz, etc. Similarly, the power transmission frequency between coils 212and 226 may be about 125 kHz (e.g., 125 kHz±5%), about 360 kHz (e.g.,360 kHz±5%), at least 80 kHz, at least 100 kHz, between 100 kHz and 205kHz, between 100 kHz and 400 kHz, between 100 kHz and 2 MHz, between 1.5MHz and 2 MHz, less than 500 kHz, less than 300 kHz, less than 100 kHz,greater than 500 kHz, greater than 1 MHz, greater than 2 MHz, greaterthan 10 MHz, etc.

To isolate the power transmission between the two sets of coils,different, non-harmonic frequencies may be selected for each set ofcoils. For example, consider the example where the power transmissionbetween coils 212 and 226 uses a frequency f₀. Integer multiples of thisfrequency (e.g., 2f₀, 3f₀, 4f₀, 5f₀, 6f₀, 7f₀, 8f₀, etc.) are harmonicfrequencies of f₀. If the power transmission between coils 246 and 274is a harmonic frequency of f₀, crosstalk between the two sets of coilsmay be increased. To prevent this crosstalk, the power transmissionfrequency for coils 246 and 274 (f₁) may be selected to not be aharmonic frequency of f₀. In other words, f₁ may not be within a giventhreshold (e.g., within 1%, within 5%, within 10%, within 20%, etc.) ofan integer multiple of frequency f₀ (e.g., f₁≠n*f₀, where n is apositive integer). Frequency f₁ may not be within 10% of any integermultiple of f₀, as one example. The threshold for f₁ being differentthan a harmonic of f₀ may also be defined in terms of frequency (insteadof percentage). For example, f₁ may not be within 30 kHz of any integermultiple of f₀, as one example. The example of 30 kHz as a threshold ismerely illustrative, and other thresholds may be used if desired (e.g.,20 kHz, 50 kHz, 60 kHz, 100 kHz, 150 kHz, 200 kHz, etc.).

In the above example, an example is described where f₁ (associated withcoils 246 and 274) is greater than f₀ (associated with coils 212 and226). This example is merely illustrative. If desired, f₁ may be lessthan f₀. In this type of embodiment, f₀ may not be within a giventhreshold (e.g., within 1%, within 5%, within 10%, within 20%, within 20kHz of, within 50 kHz of, within 60 kHz of, within 100 kHz of, within150 kHz of, within 200 kHz of, etc.) of an integer multiple of frequencyf₁ (e.g., f₀≠n*f₁, where n is a positive integer).

Said another way, f₁ may not be within a given threshold (e.g., within1%, within 5%, within 10%, within 20%, within 20 kHz of, within 50 kHzof, within 60 kHz of, within 100 kHz of, within 150 kHz of, within 200kHz of, etc.) of an integer multiple of frequency f₀ (e.g., f₁≠n*f₀,where n is a positive integer) or an integer fraction of frequency f₀(e.g., f₁≠(f₀/n), where n is a positive integer). In other words, thehigher of f₀ and f₁ is a non-integer multiple of the lower of f₀ and f₁.

Frequency f₁ (associated with coils 246 and 274) may differ fromfrequency f₀ (associated with coils 212 and 226) by a factor of between1 and 2, more than 2, more than 3, more than 5, more than 8, more than10, more than 15, more than 20, more than 30, etc. Frequency f₁ maydiffer from frequency f₀ by a non-integer multiple.

In one illustrative example, coils 212 and 226 may be operable at ahigher maximum power level than coils 246 and 274. In other words, coil226 may be configured to receive wireless power at a first maximum powerlevel. Coil 246 is configured to transmit wireless power at a secondmaximum power level that is lower than the first maximum power level.Coils 212 and 226 may sometimes therefore be referred to as a high-powerwireless power transfer system. Coils 246 and 274 may sometimestherefore be referred to as a low-power wireless power transfer system.In one example, the maximum power level for coils 212 and 226 may be 10Watts or greater whereas the maximum power level for coils 246 and 274may be less than 10 Watts. In one example, coil 226 can receive at up to15 Watts and coil 246 can transmit at up to 5 Watts. These magnitudesfor the maximum power levels are merely illustrative. In general, eachcoil may operate any desired power level.

By selecting non-harmonic frequencies for the high-power and low-powerwireless power transfer systems, crosstalk between the systems isreduced. Therefore, coil 212 may transmit wireless power to coil 226 indevice 100 without transmitting substantial amounts of power to coil274. At the same time, coil 246 may transmit wireless power to coil 274in device 102 without transmitting substantial amounts of power to coils226 or 212. The two systems may therefore be operated independently todeliver desired amounts of wireless power.

Additional isolation between the high-power system of coils 212 and 226and the low-power system of coils 246 and 274 may be provided byresonance capacitors coupled to each coil. Each coil may be coupled toan associated capacitor that sets the resonance of that coil equal tothe power transmission frequency associated with that coil. Since thetarget power transmission frequency for each system is different, thedifferent systems may use difference resonance capacitors to optimizeresonance for the associated power transmission frequency. The resonancecapacitors further limit crosstalk between the two sets of coils.

The magnetic cores in FIGS. 6-8 (e.g., 203, 224, 244, 271, and 256) maybe formed from a soft magnetic material such as ferrite. The magneticcores may have a high magnetic permeability, allowing them to guide themagnetic fields in the system. The example of using ferrite cores ismerely illustrative. Other ferromagnetic and/or ferrimagnetic materialssuch as iron, mild steel, mu-metal (a nickel-iron alloy), ananocrystalline magnetic material, rare earth metals, or other magneticmaterials having a sufficiently high magnetic permeability to guidemagnetic fields in the system may be used for one or more of the coresif desired. The magnetic cores may sometimes be referred to asferrimagnetic cores. Magnetic cores 203, 224, 244, 271, and 256 may be asingle piece or made from separate pieces. The cores may be molded,sintered, formed from laminations, formed from particles (e.g., ceramicparticles) distributed in a polymer, or manufactured by other processes.

Magnetic cores 203 and 224 may improve coupling between coils 212 and226 (compared to an arrangement where cores 203 and 224 are omitted).Magnetic core 224 may redirect received magnetic flux to coil 226.Magnetic cores 203 and 224 may have a disc shape or other desired shape.

Magnetic cores 243 and 271 may improve coupling between coils 246 and274 (compared to an arrangement where cores 243 and 271 are omitted).Magnetic core 271 may redirect received magnetic flux to coil 274.Magnetic cores 243 and 271 may have a disc shape or other desired shape.

Due to the different associated geometries, power levels, and powertransmission frequencies, the magnetic cores within the wirelesscharging system may have different properties. Each core may beoptimized for its particular function and position within the wirelesscharging system. Different devices may have different space constraintsthat result in the cores being formed from different materials and/orhaving different geometries. Additionally, the different frequencies ofoperation of coils 212/226 and coils 246/274 may have differentassociated optimal core materials.

For example, core 271 in device 102 may have a high saturation fluxdensity so that the core is not saturated by the magnetic fluxassociated with power transfer between coils 212 and 226. By having asufficiently high saturation flux density, core 271 will still be ableto redirect received flux from coil 246 to coil 274 even while coil 212transfers power to coil 226. Magnetic core 271 may reach saturation atgreater than 2 teslas (T), greater than 1.5 T, greater than 1.0 T, etc.

Magnetic core 243 may optionally be formed from the same material asmagnetic core 271. Alternatively, magnetic cores 243 and 271 may beformed from different materials. Magnetic core 243 may be formed from adifferent material than magnetic core 224. For example, magnetic core243 may have a higher saturation flux density than magnetic core 224.Magnetic cores 243, 271, and/or 224 may also have a higher saturationflux density than magnetic core 203 in device 104. Magnetic core 271 maybe formed from a material that has low core loss at the powertransmission frequency of coils 212 and 226 and at the powertransmission frequency of coils 246 and 274. Each magnetic core may beselected to have sufficiently low core loss at the principle frequenciesof operation.

Cores 243 and 224 may be formed from different materials havingdifferent magnetic permeabilities, different magnetic reluctances,and/or other desired different properties. Cores 243 and 224 may alsohave different thicknesses (e.g., core 243 may have a smaller thicknessthan core 224 as shown in FIG. 8 ). As shown in FIG. 8 , core 224 has arecess (e.g., that extends from surface 292 of core 224 towards surface294). Core 243 is nested within the recess. In FIG. 8 , core 243 isdepicted as extending past surface 292 of core 224. This example ismerely illustrative. If desired, core 243 may be positioned entirelybetween the planes of surfaces 292 and 294.

As shown in FIG. 8 , magnetic core 256 may be interposed between limb206 of core 203 in device 104 and core 224 in device 100. Magnetic core256 may have a high magnetic permeability and therefore lower themagnetic reluctance between the transmitting device (104) and thereceiving device (100). Magnetic field lines may be concentrated in themagnetic core 256. In other words, magnetic core 256 routes magneticflux from one surface of the case (adjacent to the power transmittingdevice 104) to another surface of the case (adjacent to the powerreceiving device 100). Magnetic core 256 may therefore sometimes bereferred to as a magnetic relay (because it forms a low reluctance paththat relays magnetic flux between the transmitter and receiver).

Magnetic core 256 may be positioned in areas of case 102 that have ahigh magnetic flux density during power transfer operations betweendevices 104 and 100. As shown, magnetic core 256 may have a circular,ring shape and may overlap ring-shaped limb 206 in device 104. This maybe an area of high magnetic flux density. Magnetic core 256 relaysmagnetic flux from power transmitting coil 212 towards power receivingcoil 226.

Case 102 may also include magnetic alignment structures 264 to ensureproper alignment with the case and adjacent devices. When accessory 102is coupled to device 100 (in the absence of mat 104), the magneticalignment structures 264 in accessory 102 may magnetically couple withcorresponding magnetic alignment structures 254 in device 100. Whenmagnetic alignment structures 254 are magnetically coupled to magneticalignment structures 264, coil 246 in device 100 may be aligned withcoil 274 in accessory 102.

When accessory 102 is coupled to device 100 and placed on device 104,the magnetic alignment structures 264 in accessory 102 may magneticallycouple with both corresponding magnetic alignment structures 254 indevice 100 and magnetic alignment structures 214 in device 104. Whenmagnetic alignment structures 264 are magnetically coupled to magneticalignment structures 254 and 214, coil 246 in device 100 may be alignedwith coil 274 in accessory 102. Additionally, coil 212 in device 104 maybe aligned with coil 226 in device 100 and magnetic core 256 inaccessory 102 may be aligned over limb 206 of magnetic core 203 indevice 104. Therefore, the magnetic alignment structures ensure properalignment of the receiving coils relative to the transmitting coils andproper alignment of the magnetic relay 256 relative to the coils.

The example of using magnetic alignment structures in case 102 to ensureproper alignment between the receiving coils relative to thetransmitting coils is merely illustrative. If desired, other types ofalignment structures may be used for alignment structures 264 (e.g.,indentations or grooves, clip structures, adhesive structures, or anyother desired alignment structures).

FIG. 9 is a top view of wireless charging components in an illustrativeportable electronic device having a power receiving assembly and powertransmitting assembly such as device 100 in FIGS. 6-8 . As shown, device100 includes one or more coils 226 that overlap magnetic core 224.Magnetic core 224 has a circular shape and may be referred to asdisc-shaped or circular. Magnetic core 224 and coil 226 are used to forma power receiving assembly 222 as shown in FIGS. 6-8 . Device 100 alsoincludes a power transmitting assembly with one or more coils 246overlapping magnetic core 243. As shown in FIG. 9 , magnetic core 243and coil 246 of the power transmitting assembly may be formed overmagnetic core 224 of the power receiving assembly. Core 243 may have acircular shape and may be referred to as disc-shaped or circular. Thering-shaped coil 226 (sometimes referred to as annular coil 226 orcircular coil 226) may have a central opening, with core 243 and coil246 formed in the central opening. Core 243 and coil 246 may also beformed in a recess in core 224.

A ring-shaped magnetic alignment structure 254 (e.g., permanent magnet)may laterally surround core 224. The alignment structure may sometimesbe described as annular or circular. Alignment structure 254 may have acentral opening, with core 224, coil 226, core 243, and coil 246 formedin the central opening. In FIG. 9 , coil 226, coil 246, and alignmentstructure 254 are concentric. This example is merely illustrative. Otherarrangements may be used if desired. For example, alignment structure254 may be formed as two discrete permanent magnets on opposing sides ofcore 224. In another example, a plurality of discrete permanent magnetsmay be arranged in a circular (annular) pattern (e.g., dotted linesforming a circle) around core 224. The discrete permanent magnets mayhave an arcuate arrangement.

FIG. 10 is a top view of wireless charging components in an illustrativeremovable accessory having a power receiving assembly such as device 102in FIGS. 6-8 . As shown, device 102 includes one or more coils 274 thatoverlap magnetic core 271. Magnetic core 271 has a circular shape andmay be referred to as disc-shaped or circular. Magnetic core 271 andcoil 274 are used to form a power receiving assembly (e.g., powerreceiving assembly 270 as shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 ).

A ring-shaped magnetic core 256 (sometimes referred to as annularmagnetic core 256 or circular magnetic core 256) may laterally surroundcore 271 and coil 274. Core 256 may have a central opening with core 271and 274 formed in the central opening. In FIG. 10 , coil 274 and core256 are concentric. This example is merely illustrative. Otherarrangements may be used if desired. In some examples, core 256 is acontinuous ring. In some examples, core 256 comprises multiple discretecore portions arranged in an arcuate manner such as to form a circularring.

A ring-shaped magnetic alignment structure 264 (e.g., permanent magnet)may laterally surround core 256, core 271, and coil 274. The alignmentstructure may sometimes be described as annular or circular. Alignmentstructure 264 may have a central opening, with core 256, core 271, andcoil 274 formed in the central opening. In FIG. 10 , coil 274, core 256,and alignment structure 264 are concentric. This example is merelyillustrative. Other arrangements may be used if desired. For example,alignment structure 264 may be formed as two discrete permanent magnetson opposing sides of core 256. In another example, a plurality ofdiscrete permanent magnets may be arranged in a circular (annular)pattern (e.g., dotted lines forming a circle) around core 256. Thediscrete permanent magnets may have an arcuate arrangement.

Power received using power receiving assembly 270 in device 102 may beused to charge a battery in case 102, power additional components incase 102 (e.g., additional input-output components), and/or providewireless power to an additional accessory. As previously discussed, case102 may optionally include a power transmitting assembly elsewherewithin the accessory (e.g., in a sidewall) that transmits wireless powerto an accessory such as an electronic stylus. In embodiments whereaccessory 102 includes a front portion 102F that is coupled to rearportion 102R, the optional additional power transmitting assembly may beformed at the flexible hinge structures between the front portion 102Fand the rear portion 102R.

The example of power transmitting assemblies and power receivingassemblies shown in FIGS. 6-10 are merely illustrative. In general, thepower transmitting assembly and power receiving assembly may have anydesired design. In one possible arrangement, the magnetic core of apower transmitting assembly and/or power receiving assembly may have apot-core design (e.g., an enclosure with a ring-shaped hollow portionthat receives the coil). In yet another possible arrangement, a powertransmitting assembly and/or power receiving assembly may include awinding on a bar-shaped ferrite. Any desired magnetic core and coildesign may be used (e.g., a U-shaped core, a C-shaped core, an E-shapedcore, a toroidal core, etc.).

In general, each transmitting/receiving assembly may have only one coil,two coils, three coils, more than three coils, etc. Each coil may haveany desired number of windings. Each assembly may optionally include atransverse coil (e.g., a coil extending along the magnetic core basebetween two magnetic core limbs). The precise geometry of the coils andmagnetic cores in devices 100, 102, and 104 may be tailored to thespecific design. Device 100 may be designed to cooperate specificallywith wireless power transmitting device 104. This is, however, merelyillustrative. Device 100 may, in comes cases, not be specificallydesigned to cooperate with power transmitting device 104. In general,each device may have different coil arrangements, different (or no)magnetic elements (e.g., magnetic cores), different coil and magneticelement sizes, different coil and magnetic element shapes, and otherdifferent characteristics.

The foregoing is merely illustrative and various modifications can bemade to the described embodiments. The foregoing embodiments may beimplemented individually or in any combination.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic device having first and secondopposing sides, the electronic device comprising: a first planarwireless charging coil having windings wound about a central region andconfigured to operate at a first frequency; a second planar wirelesscharging coil having windings positioned in the central region andconfigured to operate at a second frequency that is different than thefirst frequency; a first ferrimagnetic core overlapping the first planarwireless charging coil, the first ferrimagnetic core positioned todirect received magnetic flux towards the first planar wireless chargingcoil; and a second ferrimagnetic core overlapping the second planarwireless charging coil, wherein the first planar wireless charging coilis configured to receive first wireless power signals from a wirelesspower transmitting device on the first side of the electronic devicewhile the second planar wireless charging coil transmits second wirelesspower signals to a removable accessory on the first side of theelectronic device.
 2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein thefirst planar wireless charging coil is configured to operate up to afirst maximum power level and wherein the second planar wirelesscharging coil is configured to operate up to a second maximum powerlevel that is less than the first maximum power level.
 3. The electronicdevice of claim 1, wherein the first planar wireless charging coil andthe second planar wireless charging coil are in parallel planes.
 4. Theelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the first planar wireless chargingcoil and the second planar wireless charging coil are concentric.
 5. Theelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the first ferrimagnetic core has arecess and wherein the second ferrimagnetic core is formed in therecess.
 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the secondferrimagnetic core has a higher saturation flux density than the firstferrimagnetic core.
 7. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein thesecond frequency differs from the first frequency by a factor of morethan
 5. 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the secondfrequency is not within 20 kHz of any integer multiple of the firstfrequency.
 9. The electronic device of claim 1, further comprising: atleast one permanent magnet arranged in an annular pattern having acentral opening, wherein the first planar wireless charging coil and thesecond planar wireless charging coil are positioned in the centralopening.
 10. An accessory for an electronic device, wherein theelectronic device has a first coil configured to receive first wirelesspower signals from a wireless power transmitting device at a firstfrequency and a second coil configured to transmit second wireless powersignals at a second frequency that is different than the firstfrequency, the accessory comprising: a dielectric layer that isinterposed between the electronic device and the wireless powertransmitting device during wireless power transfer operations betweenthe electronic device and the wireless power transmitting device; and acoil in the dielectric layer that is configured to receive the secondwireless power signals from the second coil while the first wirelesspower signals pass through the dielectric layer from the wireless powertransmitting device to the first coil.
 11. The accessory of claim 10,further comprising: a first ferrimagnetic core that is configured todirect the second wireless power signals to the coil.
 12. The accessoryof claim 11, further comprising: a second ferrimagnetic core having acentral opening, wherein the coil and the first ferrimagnetic core areformed in the central opening.
 13. The accessory of claim 12, whereinthe second ferrimagnetic core is configured to relay the first wirelesspower signals from the wireless power transmitting device towards thefirst coil.
 14. The accessory of claim 13, further comprising: amagnetic alignment structure, wherein the coil is aligned with thesecond coil when the magnetic alignment structure is magneticallycoupled to an additional magnetic alignment structure in the electronicdevice.
 15. An electronic device comprising: a first planar wirelesscharging coil having windings wound about a central region; a firstferrimagnetic core overlapping the first planar wireless charging coil,wherein the first ferrimagnetic core is configured to direct receivedmagnetic flux towards the first planar wireless charging coil, whereinthe first ferrimagnetic core has a recess within the central region,wherein the first ferrimagnetic core has a first portion with a firstthickness and a second portion with a second thickness that is less thanthe first thickness, and wherein the second portion is within thecentral portion and defines the recess; a second ferrimagnetic core thatis formed in the recess of the first ferrimagnetic core, wherein thesecond ferrimagnetic core is formed from a different material than thefirst ferrimagnetic core; and a second planar wireless charging coilthat overlaps the second ferrimagnetic core.
 16. The electronic deviceof claim 15, wherein the second ferrimagnetic core has a highersaturation flux density than the first ferrimagnetic core.